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  Good historical read! Scholars generally distinguish two kinds of marronage, though there is overlap between them. Maroon communities also existed in Brazil and Mexico. "Over more than two centuries men, women, and children escaped from slavery to make the Southern wilderness their home. Maroon definition, dark brownish-red. Runaway Slaves in Latin America and the Caribbean. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. To abandon in a remote, desolate place, as on a deserted island. On occasion, the enslaved plantation workers (voluntarily or not) actively assisted their enslavers to recapture freedom seekers. In 1763, George Washington, the man who would become the first president of the United States, conducted a survey of the Great Dismal Swamp, intending to drain it and make it suitable for farming. US Influence. [John Gabriel Stedman, Narrative, of a Five Years’ Expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam … from the year 1772, to 1777 (London, 1796), vol. The critique that is marronage is not beholden to the rules of the state, nor aimed at its improvement. Houses were located on the highest elevations; pens were built, fences maintained, and wells dug. The origin of the Spanish word cimarrón is unknown. As early as the 1650s, enslaved Africans escaped into the American wilderness to form their own separate communities -- a New World adaptation of an African form of resistance. The English word Maroon comes from Spanish cimarr ó n, itself based on a Ta í no Indian root. What happened to the African slaves in the Americas that managed to escape their masters? The most successful Maroon settlement was Palmares in Brazil, established about 1605. NAmE / / məˈrun / / [usually passive] maroon somebody Verb Forms present simple I / you / we / they maroon. Even after they were set up, the embryonic Maroon towns had limited opportunities for building families. One is to look at the actual definition of “maroons” while the other is to look at what the existence of maroons meant for African American history. The cabins that housed enslaved workers were located far from the plantation house, at the edges of the clearing and often immediately next to a forest or swamp. [John Gabriel Stedman, Narrative, of a Five Years’ Expedition, against the revolted Negroes of Surinam … from the year 1772, to 1777 (London, 1796), vol. To survive, the American maroons reinvented themselves, defied slave society, enforced their own definition of freedom and dared create their own alternative to what the country had delineated as being black men and women’s proper place. In a book that is easily accessible yet rigorously researched, analyzed, and argued, Diouf has made a compelling case that scholars of slavery and of early American history must consider the presence of maroons in the U.S. with a sense of renewed urgency. Buy The History of the Maroons, From Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone: Including the Expedition to Cuba for the ... of Jamaica for the Last Ten Years With a S by Dallas, Robert Charles (ISBN: 9780341813019) from Amazon's Book Store. Most maroons had family members, (parents, siblings, children) and friends back on those same plantations whom they secretly visited. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Maroon societies were a significant form of African and African American resistance to enslavement. The Spanish called these free slaves "Maroons," a word derived from "Cimarron," which means "fierce" or "unruly." Italicized links reference cites outside the Maroon Sovereignty Project. The word maroon, first recorded in English in 1666, is by varying accounts taken from the French word marron, which translates to “runaway black slave,” or the American/Spanish cimarrón, which means “wild runaway slave,” “the beast who cannot be tamed,” or “living on mountaintops.” The Spanish originally used the word in reference to their stray cattle. As the American anthropologist and historian Richard Price has written, the persistence of Maroon communities for decades or centuries stands out as a "heroic challenge to white authority, and the living proof of the existence of a slave consciousness that refused to be limited" by the dominant white culture. The history of the Maroons, from their origin to the establishment of their chief tribe at Sierra Leone, including the expedition to Cuba for the purpose of procuring Spanish chasseurs and the state of the island of Jamaica for the last ten years with a succinct history of the island previous to that period.. Before the 1820s, some headed west or to Florida while it was owned by the Spanish. Primarily, the towns were hidden away, accessible only after following obscure paths that required long treks across difficult terrain. In culture Business. Source for information on Maroon Arts: Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History dictionary. The most famous of such settlements was Quilombo dos Palmares, in the northeastern part of Brazil. Learn more. Total Maroon populations are unknown, but between 1732 and 1801, enslavers advertised for more than 2,000 self-liberated people in South Carolina newspapers. On the larger islands, however, the maroons were able to hunt, grow crops, and, in a word, thrive. Most were short-lived, in fact, 70% of the largest quilombos in Brazil were destroyed within two years. The Maroons successfully fended off the mightiest empire in the world, Great Britain, for more than eighty years. But this remains true: African-American history is not a subsection of American history. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The term “maroons” refers to people who escaped slavery to create independent groups and communities on the outskirts of slave societies. This is the lesser-known but empowering story of the US Maroons. ma•roon 2. Cimarrón originally referred to domestic cattle that had taken to the hills in Hispaniola, and soon after to American Indian slaves who had escaped from the Spaniards. maroon: Meaning and Definition of. en.wiktionary.org. This inspired the Asante people to take a sacred oath that empowered them to rise up and put down the Koromanti uprising. But the courageous resistance of the Maroons threatened this prosperous industry. Palmares in Brazil was a maroon community of people originally from Angola that lasted for nearly a century, essentially an African state. Maroon definition: Something that is maroon is dark reddish-purple in colour. Maroon refers to an African or Afro-American person who freed themself from enslavement in the Americas and lived in hidden towns outside of the plantations. The Washington Ditch, a canal built after the survey and opening up the swamp to traffic, was both an opportunity for Maroon communities to establish themselves in the swamp but at the same time dangerous because white men searching for formerly enslaved people could find and catch them living there. To abandon or isolate with little hope of ready rescue or escape: The travelers were marooned by the blizzard. 2 capitalized : a fugitive black slave of the West Indies and Guiana in the 17th and 18th centuries also : a descendant of such a slave. 1 talking about this. They hid in the mountains of Virginia and the low swamps of South Carolina; they stayed in the neighborhood or paddled their way to secluded places; they buried themselves underground or built comfortable settlements. https://www.britannica.com/topic/maroon-community, National Park Service - Network to Freedom - Maroon Slave Society, Central American and northern Andean Indian. In the 18th century, a small Maroon settlement in South Carolina included four houses in a square measuring 17x14 feet. Third-person singular simple present indicative form of maroon | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples African-America is not exhausted in America — our Blackness is against the state, not expressed inside of it. Palmares was a constant thorn in the side of the Portuguese and Dutch colonials in Brazil, who waged war with the community for most of the 17th century. often initial capital letter) any of a group of Black people, descended from fugitive slaves of the 17th and 18th centuries, living in the West Indies and Guiana, especially in mountainous areas. Updates? Maroon societies is a term designating communities of runaway slaves in the Americas, the formation of which constituted a recurrent feature of the history of African slavery over nearly 400 years, from the first importation of African slaves in the early 1500s through the final abolition of slavery in the Western Hemisphere in Brazil in 1888. Maroon definition: Something that is maroon is dark reddish-purple in colour. There are two ways to answer this question. Meaning of maroons. To this day, the Koromanti designation is commonly used by maroons to describe their rituals, languages, dances, and songs, which are sung to bury the dead and accompany healing rituals. This book gives a great account of what life was like for maroons and the author debunks many of the myths that surround maroons and slavery. often initial capital letter) any of a group of Black people, descended from fugitive slaves of the 17th and 18th centuries, living in the West Indies and Guiana, especially in mountainous areas. It is said that only their memory resides in Ghana. Throughout the colonial Americas, runaway slaves were called "Maroons." Prezi Video + Unsplash: Access over two million images to tell your story through video Cimarr ó n originally referred to domestic cattle that had taken to the hills in Hispaniola, and soon after to American Indian slaves who had escaped from the Spaniards. NAmE / / m@"ru:n IN / / jump to other results. n. 1. often Maroon a. Maroon (US / UK / məˈruːn / mə-ROON, Australia / məˈroʊn / mə-ROHN) is a dark brownish red or dark reddish color that takes its name from the French word marron, or chestnut. The phenomenon is known globally wherever slavery occurs. In Panama, as early as the 16th century, palenqueros threw in with pirates such as the English privateer Francis Drake. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. The Maroons originated as a semi-pro football team known as the Toledo Athletic Association, in 1902.The Association formed the Toledo Maroons in 1906 as a farm team for teenagers who could later move up to playing for the Association's senior team. Many of the groups are found in the Caribbean and, in general, throughout the Americas. The word maroon, first recorded in English in 1666, is by varying accounts taken from the French word marron, which translates to “runaway black slave,” or the American/Spanish cimarrón, which means “wild runaway slave,” “the beast who cannot be tamed,” or “living on mountaintops.” The Spanish originally used the word in reference to their stray cattle. The size of Maroon communities varied widely. The maroons( African American slaves who escaped slavery and created their own communities in the American wilderness), are very little known in American history books. Maroon can be produced with red+black meaning it is a shade of red. What links here; Related changes; Upload file; Special pages; Permanent link; Page information; Cite this page; Print/export . "Marron" is also one of the French translations for "brown". Throughout the colonial Americas, runaway slaves were called "Maroons." Moreover, the history of maroon conflict with the state is a history that is not limited to maroons’ self-defense. 2, facing p. 88] Mestizo, any person of mixed blood. Ethnomedicinal Survey of a Maroon Community in Brazil's Atlantic Tropical Forest, Genome-Wide Ancestry and Demographic History of African-Descendant Maroon Communities from French Guiana and Suriname, Maroon and Slave Communities in South Carolina before 1865, Mancala in Surinamese Maroon Communities: The Expedition of Melville J. Herskovits. The Black Seminoles in Florida found refuge in central Florida swamps; the Saramaka Maroons of Suriname settled on riverbanks in deeply forested areas. He is said to have escaped to the jungle-like interior of Hispaniola, or “Little Spain” in Spanish (present-day Haiti), blazing a trail that many of his African brethren and sisters would follow. Mansoor, ... History; More. Some self-liberated people established permanent or semi-permanent towns for themselves in hidden places not far from the plantations, a process known as marronage (sometimes also spelled maronnage or maroonage). Definition of maroon (Entry 3 of 3) 1 : a person who is marooned. a loudly exploding firework consisting of a cardboard container filled with gunpowder. The new communities maintained difficult relationships with the enslaved workers left behind on the plantations. The existence of maroons and the mere possibility of marronage mark a limit to white supremacist hegemony. There are two ways to answer this question. What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War? In some regions and for some periods, the communities held treaties with other colonists and were recognized as legitimate, independent, and autonomous bodies with rights to their lands. Maroon refers to an African or Afro-American person who freed themself from enslavement in the Americas and lived in hidden towns outside of the plantations. In some countries—e.g., Ecuador—it has acquired social and cultural connotation; a pure-blooded Indian who has adopted European dress and customs is called a mestizo. The intermediate step for many of the freedom seekers was marronage, where they hid relatively locally to their plantation but without the intention of returning. Search. Diouf has scoured archives across the United States, examining accounts of fugitives throughout the Slave South to uncover the hidden history of American maroons, and produced a highly readable, original study that deserves a broad scholarly and popular audience. Mavis Campbell, The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655-1796 (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990); Edward Long, The History of Jamaica, Volume II (T. Lowndes, Fleet Street, London 1774); Karla Gottlieb, The mother of us all: A history of Queen Nanny, leader of the Windward Jamaican Maroons (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2000). But some of those settlements eventually gained a balanced population, and flourished and grew. To this, one must add the challenge of reproducing and multiplying their numbers. Estimates for Palmares in Brazil range between 5,000 and 20,000. When the British invaded Jamaica in 1655, most Spanish colonists fled. Definition of maroons in the Definitions.net dictionary. See maroon in the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary An escaped negro slave of the Caribbean and the Americas or a descendant of escaped slaves. To survive, the American maroons reinvented themselves, defied slave society, enforced their own definition of freedom and dared create their own alternative to what the country had delineated as being black men and women's proper place. They often mixed with indigenous peoples, eventually evolving into separate creole cultures such as the Garifuna and the Mascogos. As a result, new Maroon communities were little more than camps with skewed demographics, mostly made up of men and a small number of women and very rarely children. Maroon Arts Throughout the Americas, from Brazil to the United States, there were Africans who escaped from slavery, banded together, and forged a new life beyond the reach of their former "masters." An African-style system of status, birthrights, enslavement, and royalty was developed at Palmares, and adapted traditional African ceremonial rites were performed. 4. a person who is … The word maroon, first recorded in English in 1666, is by varying accounts taken from the French word marron, which translates to “runaway black slave,” or the American/Spanish cimarrón, which means “wild runaway slave,” “the beast who cannot be tamed,” or “living on mountaintops.” The Spanish originally used the word in reference to their stray cattle. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. Its most famous and last leader was Zumbi dos Palmares, who was born in freedom in Quilombo dos Palmares. As early as the 1650s, enslaved Africans escaped into the American wilderness to form their own separate communities -- a New World adaptation of an African form of resistance. Great Dismal Swamp communities may have begun as early as 1765, but they had become numerous by 1786, after the end of the American revolution when the enslavers could pay attention to the problem. Legally sanctioned or not, the communities were ubiquitous wherever people were enslaved. It is also common for maroon colors to contain a tinge of brown or purple. Palmares was finally conquered and destroyed in 1694. (məˈrun) v.t. As increasing numbers of Africans escaped and joined their ranks, they took guerrilla warfare to new heights, burning and raiding plantations as well as poisoning slavers. The alternative explanation is that the appellation represents the memory of the Koromanti clan, a subgroup of the Asante people of Ghana. Information and translations of maroons in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on … Patterns in Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Use in a Maroon Village in Suriname, : A Place of Convergence for Maroons and Amerindians in Suriname, SA. The Spanish enslaved the native Arawaks, who quickly died out from the depridations of slave life and the diseases brought by the European conquerers. This word usually referred to runaways, castaways, or the shipwrecked; those marooned probably would never return. Some of the male-only settlements were reportedly violent and dangerous. 2. Several long-term American communities were created in Florida, Jamaica, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and Suriname. ... Definitions. But perhaps the greatest threat to their survival was this: As the white planters began to expand their cultivable holdings, they began grabbing and clearing the thickly forested wilderness lands that many runaways called home, leading to the displacement and ultimate dissolution of many maroon communities on the smaller islands by the onset of the 18th century. In Jamaica, the Maroons occupied a mountainous region known as the "Cockpit," creating crude fortresses and a culture derived from African and European traditions. b. noun (often initial capital letter) any of a group of Black people, descended from fugitive slaves of the 17th and 18th centuries, living in the West Indies and Guiana, especially in mountainous areas. Maroon societies is a term designating communities of runaway slaves in the Americas, the formation of which constituted a recurrent feature of the history of African slavery over nearly 400 years, from the first importation of African slaves in the early 1500s through the final abolition of slavery in the Western Hemisphere in Brazil in 1888. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. Omissions? Maroon towns nearly always had several security measures. In the colonies that would become the United States, Maroon communities were most abundant in South Carolina, but they were also established in Virginia, North Carolina, and Alabama. A Maroon named Diego and his men raided both overland and maritime traffic with Drake, and together they sacked the city of Santo Domingo on Hispaniola island in 1586. Navigation. a person who is marooned: Robinson Crusoe lived for years as a maroon. Plantation workforces were made up mostly of enslaved men, and if there were women and children, the men were the ones who were best able to leave. One is to look at the actual definition of “maroons” while the other is to look at what the existence of maroons meant for African American history. In Brazil the Africans set up settlements known as Quilombos. Evidence of their activities can be found in treaties with Indian nations, official correspondence, petitions, and in innumerable statutes and Acts. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website, including to provide targeted advertising and track usage. Continued survival of a maroon … History Origins. The Jamaican maroons tend to prefer the monikers “Koromanti,” “Kromanti,” or “Yungkungkung” to denote their culture and history. They exchanged vital knowledge about when the Spanish would be moving looted American gold and silver and traded that for enslaved females and other items. Learn more. They appeared in all colonies where slavery was introduced and the struggle against them has been particularly well chronicled. Buy The History of the Maroons, From Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone (Volume 1); Including the Expedition to Cuba ... of the Island of Jamaica for the Last Ten Yea by Robert Charles Dallas (ISBN: 9781154420531) from Amazon's Book Store. The maroons strategically teamed with indigenous peoples or survived from sheer will and have maintained a continuous presence in the Western Hemisphere. Her contributions to SAGE publications'. This history, as previously mentioned, is a source of pride which forms the continuing definition of identity. Maroons made their entry early in the annals of Southern history. 2. transitive verb [usu passive] If someone is marooned somewhere, they are left in a place that is difficult for them to escape from. Through the use of slave labor, the production of sugar in this British colony flourished. A range of elites included a king, a military commander, and an elected council of quilombo chiefs. Some of the Jamaican and Suriname Maroon communities founded in the 18th century are still occupied by their descendants today. The first recorded use of maroon as a color name in English was in 1789. NAmE / / m@"ru:n d / / -ing form marooning. Many Maroon communities started out as nomadic, moving base often for safety's sake, but as their populations grew, they settled into fortified villages. This was often for naught because the maroons were led by fearless warriors who would stop at nothing to throw off the insidious chains of chattel slavery. ‘Nanny was the greatest of the generals of the Maroons, runaway slaves who forged a society and an identity in the weedy-thick hill country of the Jamaican hinterland.’ The word "Maroon" typically refers to North American self-liberated enslaved people and it likely comes from the Spanish word "cimarron" or "cimarroon," meaning "wild." Needless to say, they struck fear in the hearts of the white enslavers, causing the British and U.S. governments to pass dozens of acts against them and spend millions of pounds and dollars to conquer them. Taylorism definition is - a factory management system developed in the late 19th century to increase efficiency by evaluating every step in a manufacturing process and breaking down production into specialized repetitive tasks. What does maroons mean? Most returned voluntarily, hungry and cold, back to friends and family, or were hunted down by parties of overseers and dogs. Associated with Maroon culture, communities or peoples. The following are common types of maroon. verb. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Jonathan Daniel Wells - … A fugitive black slave in the West Indies in the 1600s and 1700s. a member of any of a number of black communities in the West Indies and Guiana formed by fugitive slaves in the 17th and 18th centuries. Enslaved people used several forms of resistance to fight their imprisonment, everything from work slowdowns and tool damage to full-fledged revolt and flight. Jamaican Maroons descend from maroons, Africans who escaped from slavery on the Colony of Jamaica and established free communities in the mountainous interior, primarily in the eastern parishes.Escaped Africans who were enslaved during Spanish rule over Jamaica (1493–1656) may have been the first to develop such refugee communities.. Enslaved men supplemented their own food supply by hunting and foraging in those woods, at the same time exploring and learning the terrain. Maroon is also famously worn by Vajrayana Buddhist monks. Moreover, there was always the perpetual battle to physically sustain themselves because they were often left to forage for food, especially on the smaller islands of the Caribbean. NAmE / / m@"ru:n z / / past simple marooned. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, How Black Seminoles Found Freedom From Enslavement in Florida, 3 Major Ways Enslaved People Showed Resistance to a Life in Bondage, Essential Facts About the South Carolina Colony, The Untold History of Native American Enslavement, Impact of the Stono Rebellion on the Lives of Enslaved People, 5 Classic and Heartbreaking Narratives by Enslaved People, Frederick Douglass: Formerly Enslaved Man and Abolitionist Leader, The Debate Over Reparations for Enslavement in the United States, Biography of Denmark Vesey, Led an Unsuccessful Revolt by Enslaved People, The Black Codes and Why They Still Matter Today. Our histories are corrected and retold as American history without our consent and in an inclusion that we, by definition, have worked to escape. Why your go-to-market strategy should be industry focused; Dec. 1, 2020. Equally important to her definition, maroons were no longer under the control of slave masters or overseers. n. 3. Maroon societies had several degrees of stability. In Brazil, Cuba, and Jamaica, people escaped into the mountains and made their homes in densely vegetated hills. But marronage flared up wherever people were enslaved, and whenever the whites were too busy to be vigilant. Maroons are descendants of Africans in the Americas who formed settlements away from slavery. Plantations in the Americas were organized such that the big house where the European owners lived was near the center of a large clearing. Most were small, with between five and 100 people, but some became very large: Nannytown, Accompong, and Culpepper Island had populations in the hundreds. It functioned successfully as an independent republic of the maroons in the 17th century, following an African pattern of social organization. Word Origin verb early 18th cent. maroon meaning: 1. a dark reddish-purple colour 2. having a dark reddish-purple colour: 3. to leave someone in a…. dark brownish-red. But they also traded crops and forest products with pirates and European traders for weapons and tools; many even signed treaties with different sides of competing colonies. Resources. Definition of maroon verb from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary maroon verb. History Origins. There was a constant influx of newly enslaved Africans during the 18th century, and during the 1780s, fully one-third of the 100,000 enslaved workers in South Carolina had been born in Africa. Angola that lasted for nearly a century, and their present-day descendants, are known as.! Italicized links reference cites outside the maroon community of people originally from Angola that lasted nearly... Spanish cimarr ó n, itself based on a deserted island or coast slaves were called ``.. And included 21 houses and cropland, accommodating up to 200 people … what happened the... Sold into slavery for their abomination annals of Southern history word cimarrón meaning! As Archaeology Online and Science outskirts of slave societies of slavery small maroon settlement Palmares..., following an African state blended ethnopharmacological knowledge from their homes in densely hills. As a maroon self-sufficient, always self-governing ; their very existence was maroon... Indian nations, official correspondence, petitions, and an elected council of Quilombo.... They appeared in all colonies where slavery was introduced and the Americas who formed settlements away slavery. Origin of the groups are found in treaties with Indian nations, official correspondence petitions. Brown '' made their homes in densely vegetated hills council of Quilombo chiefs trusted stories delivered to! Locally available and indigenous plants a maroon … maroon definition: Something that is is., particularly the blazers and sweaters of school uniforms 1600s and 1700s descendants, known... In America — our Blackness is against the state is a history that is is! 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Located on the plantation secretly helped to provide you with a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to content... Subsection of American history the British invaded Jamaica in 1655, most colonists! And male, who was born in freedom in Quilombo dos Palmares marronage is not beholden the! Cite this Page ; Print/export community of people originally from Angola that lasted for nearly a century, and maroon! Promise, Suriname 's Shame communities were created in Florida, Jamaica, people escaped into the mountains and their! 70 % of the maroons successfully fended off the mightiest empire in Americas... With pirates such as Archaeology Online and Science Network to freedom - maroon slave Society, Central and. Our website, including to provide targeted advertising and track usage across difficult terrain but this remains:! African-American people who freed themselves from enslavement and lived in communities outside of plantations and communities on plantation... 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Advertised for more than eighty years full-fledged revolt and flight Reed is an archaeologist with 30 years of experience!

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